By michelle rae uy 24 january 2020 knowing how to combine pdf files isnt reserved. This is important, especially when sludge is accumulated along the bottom of a stream. Chp7 do sag curves streams sewage treatment water and. Pollution of streams o oxygen sag curve o factors influencing recovery fig. C dissolved oxygen concentration do cs dissolved oxygen concentration at saturation, predicted from henrys law kr reaeration rate constant. A bod test is run using 100 ml of treated wastewater mixed with 200 ml of pure water. Oxygen sag curve pogil the image above shows a sewage pipe and information about water quality downstream from the pipe. The self purification process of water bodies or processes involving biological, chemical and physical processes working simultaneously on biological pollutants, oxidizing them and increasing the amount of.
A pdf file is a portable document format file, developed by adobe systems. You can use the tools in paint to add something to a different document. While the saturated value dos is rarely achieved, a stream can nonetheless be considered healthy as long as its dissolved oxygen do exceeds 5 mgl. Oxygen deficit is represented mathematically by for constant equilibrium conditions, i. A waste stream has a dissolved oxygen concentration of. Phelps model was developed to predict the dissolved oxygen concentration do in water located down. How to shrink a pdf file that is too large techwalla.
Biochemical oxygen demand and the dissolved oxygen sag. Samples of water are taken at areas upstream and downstream from the sewage outlet. Pdf is a hugely popular format for documents simply because it is independent of the hardware or application used to create that file. This means it can be viewed across multiple devices, regardless of the underlying operating system.
If your pdf reader is displaying an error instead of opening a pdf file, chances are that the file is c. These two concurrent processes of oxygen consumption and oxygen replenishment produce an oxygen sag curve, i. When it comes to the cycles it goes over, why they are important. Chemical analysis allows us to determine the dissolved oxygen levels. Do sag curve, derivation of dissolved oxygen sag curve. Derivation of oxygen sag curve the solution to the dissolved oxygen and bod in the environment is a very simple linear algebra practice. Purification capacity and oxygen sag in sringin river.
The curve of figure 1 was defined in the work of streeter and phlps as where l bod remaining at any time, tppm. Multiple point source curve a is the present predicted dry flow profile with observed river sampling results. Oxygen sag curve benoit cushmanroisin by far the most important characteristic determining the quality of a river or stream is its dissolved oxygen, do measured in mgl. Oxygen sag curve for chemical engineering helps you for every chemical engineering entrance exam. Name three factors that impact the solubility of oxygen in water. The drop and rise in do levels downstream from a source of bod is called the do sag curve. Pdf file or convert a pdf file to docx, jpg, or other file format. Self purification of river water prof umesh t kulkarni. Most electronic documents such as software manuals, hardware manuals and ebooks come in the pdf portable document format file format. Self purification of river water prof umesh t kulkarni 2. Describe the effects of flow and turbulence on the oxygen sag curve. Sketch the oxygen sag curve, as it would have appeared four day after the breakdown of the treatment plant. The use of animal feedlots, foodprocessing facilities, and paper mills depletes oxygen levels o. C s does not change, the rate of change in the deficit.
Now, substitute the rate expressions into the mass. The oxygen sag curve is shown during a cso discharge and at different times, t, after the event, i. Dilution of pollution in lakes is less effective than in streams because most lake water is not mixed. Model relates the rate of change of the oxygen deficit with distance to the spatial rates of oxygen. The phenomenon of oxygen sag is usually related to the release of organic pollutants or nutrient elements, which promote the growth of oxygen consuming. Aalborg universitet pollution from urban runoff oxygen. Maximum loading of receiving waters inspection of equations 2c and 2d or 2f shows that the pollutional load that can be placed upon a stream, or other body of water, is deter.
If your scanner saves files as pdf portbale document format files, the potential exists to merge the individual files into one doc. Curve b is the expected dry flow do profile after implementation of pollution control measures ahmed and mohammed, 1988. Introduction it is a natural process of rivers, lakes or canals to recover the rate of dissolved oxygen values of the highest concentration of oxygen which is one of the best indicators of water quality. Luckily, there are lots of free and paid tools that can compress a pdf file in just a few easy steps. The derivation of the do sag equation is the objective of this article. An oversized pdf file can be hard to send through email and may not upload onto certain file managers. Mar 24, 2018 standards for disposal methods dilution self purification of surface water bodies oxygen sag curve land disposal sludge characterization thickening sludge digestion biogas recovery sludge conditioning and dewatering disposal advances in sludge treatment and disposal. Limitations of oxygen sag equation effect of sediment oxygen demand sod not considered. The paint program can help you make new image files, but it cannot open document or pdf file.
If the streeterphelps equation is differentiated with respect to time, and set equal to zero, the time at which the minimum do occurs is expressed by. Water pollution control system operator certification. Purification capacity and oxygen sag in sringin river, semarang. This value will be related to the characteristics of the stream. Oxygen sag curve solved examples waste water engineering. Saturation dissolved oxygen can be read from table. This article explains what pdfs are, how to open one, all the different ways. The pressure of oxygen en tering the lungs exceeds the oxy gen concentration in blood returning to the lungs. Making a pdf file of a logo is surprisingly easy and is essential for most web designers. The general mathematical properties of point of pollution initial or reference point. Stream must have a minimum of 2 mgl do to maintain higher life forms, while most game fish require 4 mgl. This differential equation states that the total change in oxygen deficit d is equal to the difference between the two rates of deoxygenation and. Once youve done it, youll be able to easily send the logos you create to clients, make them available for download, or attach them to emails in a fo.
The oxygen sag curve can describe the decrease in oxygen that occurs. Problem illustrating the use of the streeterphelps equation. What causes oxygen depletion in a stream when an organic wastewater is discharged. Water pollution control system operator certification commission. Figure 2 shows a typical dissolved oxygen sag curve. Sketch the new oxygen sag curve a long time after the breakdown. Figure 1 shows the observed oxygen sag curve for average dos at 27 stations during streamflows of less than 7020 cfs measured at kingston mines. While the saturated value dos is rarely achieved, a stream can nonetheless be considered healthy as long as its dissolved oxygen.
The software package fate uses this model to study the do levels down. Ce6605 notes environmental engineering 2 regulation 20. Sketch the oxygen sag curve, as it would have been only four day after the breakdown of the treatment plant. This test is rated positive by 90% students preparing for chemical engineering. Zones of pollution pollution and selfpurification of stream and changes in the aquatic ecology by the disposal of sewageindustrial wastewater. The breakdown of biodegradable wastes by bacteria depletes dissolved oxygen. Lafayette college department of civil and environmental. This contains 5 multiple choice questions for chemical engineering test.
Oxygen demanding wastes can deplete the level of dissolved oxygen do in water. The oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve, also called the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve or oxygen dissociation curve odc, is a curve that plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated oxygen laden form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. This initial decrease s due to bacterial action which uses dissolved oxygen. Determine the theoretical oxygen demand for 150 mgl of glucose. Sketch the new oxygen sag curve starting just after the breakdown. Hence the model is referred to as the streeterphelps model.
The streeterphelps equation determines the relation between the dissolved oxygen concentration and the biological oxygen demand over time and is a solution to the linear first order differential equation. C dissolved oxygen concentration do cs dissolved oxygen concentration at saturation, predicted from henrys law. The pdf format allows you to create documents in countless applications and share them with others for viewing. Explain the effect of temperature on oxygen sag, considering both physical and biological impacts. The presence of sewage reduces the oxygen content of the water and increases the. Solubility of oxygen in water described by henrys law. Do sag curve q1, bod1 ss1 q2, bod2 ss2 residents industry saturation do cs travel time, days dissolved oxygen, mgl oxygen depletion initial deficit d 0 oxygen addition reaertaion critical deficit dc t c. Mathematical approach to a lake system the governing equation used to estimate the dissolved oxygen concentration in stream water is derived by taking a mass balance of bod in the system, such. Effect of photosynthesis and respiration not considered. Just below the discharge point, the do of the steam is equal to the saturation value of 10. Adobe designed the portable document format, or pdf, to be a document platform viewable on virtually any modern operating system.
Oxygen transport basic equations and applications environmental hydraulics dissolved oxygen in water necessary for aerobic life in water. This curve is an important tool for understanding how our blood carries and releases oxygen. This mcq test is related to chemical engineering syllabus, prepared by chemical engineering teachers. Do sag curve q1, bod1 ss1 q2, bod2 ss2 residents industry saturation do cs travel time, days dissolved oxygen, mgl oxygen depletion initial deficit d 0 oxygen. Searching for a specific type of document on the internet is sometimes like looking for a needle in a haystack. Label the coordinate of the critical distance downriver. One of the fun things about computers is playing with programs like paint. Inorder to counter the balance of the consumption of do due to deoxygenation, atmosphere supplies o2 to water and the process is called reoxygenation.
The self purification process of water bodies or processes involving biological, chemical and physical processes. The ultimate biochemical oxygen demand ubod is a parameter that quantifies the oxygen required for the total biochemical degradation of organic matter by aquatic microorganisms. Algae add do during daytime hours while photosynthesis is occurring, but at night its respiration removes do. Mathematical approach to a lake system the governing equation used to estimate the dissolved oxygen concentration in stream water is derived by taking a mass balance of bod in the system, such that the change inflow of outflow of other losses. Label the point which represents the critical distance downriver. The flat up per portion where the curve is more horizontal depicts oxygen loading onto hemoglobin in the lungs.
The erosion of sediments and runoff of toxic chemicals react with oxygen. To combine pdf files into a single pdf document is easier than it looks. Depending on the type of scanner you have, you might only be able to scan one page of a document at a time. Ubod and the rate of oxygen consumption are frequently used in mathematical models to predict the impact of an effluent on receiving bodies such as lakes and rivers. Oxygen sag or the oxygen sag curve refers to the reduction in dissolved oxygen plotted over a distance along a water body from a point at which sewage or other pollutants have been discharged.
The resulting oxygen sag curve has a minimum value of do, somewhere downstream, equal to 3. Chp7 do sag curves streams sewage treatment water and the. Biochemical oxygen demand and the dissolved oxygen sag curve in a stream. Oxygen sag oxygen sag model one of the earliest mathematical water quality models was developed by for the o hio river b y h. Biochemical oxygen demand and the dissolved oxygen sag curve. Chp7 do sag curves streams free download as powerpoint presentation. Read on to find out just how to combine multiple pdf files on macos and windows 10. Note that this is the same form of equation we used in the gas transfer lab. The number of observa tions used for computing the averages are tabulated at the top.
On the do sag curve a minimum concentration occurs at some point, along a stream. The rate at which the oxygen is supplied by atmosphere to the polluted water depends upon. Oxygen sag curve 5 questions mcq test has questions of chemical engineering preparation. Recall that biochemical oxygen demand bod refers to amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in the water. Oxygen sag curve mcq to study with solutions a complete question bank.
Air is dissolved at the water surface and then transported into the water mass by turbulence andor currents. Biochemical oxygen demand bod concept measurement modeling nitrogenous bod do dynamics in river do sag curve modeling do in the river solution. The shape of the curve is dependent upon the magnitude of the reaeration rate relative to the concentration of oxygen demanding materials and the magnitude of their decay rates. Flowing streams can recover from moderate levels of degradable water pollutants with the use of dilution and biodegredation if their flows are not flow reduced lakes. Typical dissolved oxygen sag curve for a polluted stream.
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